Heap sort

Heap sort is an $$O(n \log n)$$ sort that is not stable, not adaptive, and uses $$O(1)$$ memory.

= Explanation =

The Heap
A Binary Heap, or just Heap, is a binary tree where each node has 2 children, except on the bottom right. Also, each node has to be greater than its children. Example:

Sinking
If a node is smaller than a child, heap order is violated, and the node is swapped with the larger of its children, and the node keeps getting swapped down until it is larger than both its children.

The Sort
The array is first interpreted as a heap with the following scheme: root at index 0, left child at index 2i + 1, right child at index 2i + 2, and parent at floor((index - 1) / 2).

Then, the array is heap-ordered by sink operations.

Finally, the root (it has to be the biggest) is swapped to the end and the heap is re-heapified.

= Pseudocode = procedure LeftChild(int i) do return i * 2 + 1 end procedure RightChild(int i) do return i * 2 + 2 end procedure Parent(int i) do return floor((i - 1) / 2) end procedure Sink(array arr,int start,int end) do int root = start while LeftChild(root) <= end do int child = LeftChild(i) int swap = root if RightChild(root) <= end and arr[swap] < RightChild(root) do child = RightChild(root) end if if swap == root do return else swap arr[root] and arr[swap] root = swap end if end while end procedure heapify(array arr,int count) do int start = Parent(count - 1) while start >= 0 do Sink(arr,start,count - 1) start -- end while end procedure heap_sort(array arr) do heapify(arr,length(arr)) int end = length(arr) - 1 while end > 0 do swap arr[end] and arr[0] Sink(arr,0,end) end while end